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UART RING BUFFER

                                    ;--------------------------------------------------------
                                    ;  A UART RING BUFFER 
                                    ;--------------------------------------------------------
                                    .equ    rxfifo_length   =       0x40    ; length or size of RX fifo buffer (64 bytes) 
                                    .equ    txfifo_length   =       0x40    ; length or size of TX fifo buffer (64 bytes) 
                                    
                                    ; Arrays 
                                    .DSEG 
                                    .org    0x00C0 
                                    
                                    ; UART ring buffers 
                                    
                                    rxfifo_n: 
                                            .byte 1                         ; number of bytes currently stored in buffer (init: 0) 
                                    
                                    rxfifo_in: 
                                            .byte 2                         ; pointer to address in buffer written to (init: rxfifo_base) 
                                    
                                    rxfifo_out: 
                                            .byte 2                         ; pointer to address in buffer read from (init: rxfifo_base) 
                                    
                                    rxfifo_base: 
                                            .byte rxfifo_length             ; reserves fifo_length bytes for the 
                                                                            ; buffer and is used as the buffer’s base address 
                                    
                                    
                                    txfifo_n: 
                                            .byte 1                         ; number of bytes currently stored in buffer (init: 0) 
                                    
                                    txfifo_in: 
                                            .byte 2                         ; pointer to address in buffer written to (init: txfifo_base) 
                                    
                                    txfifo_out: 
                                            .byte 2                         ; pointer to address in buffer read from (init: txfifo_base) 
                                    
                                    txfifo_base: 
                                            .byte txfifo_length             ; reserves fifo_length bytes for the 
                                                                            ; buffer and is used as the buffer’s base address 
                                    
                                    ;--------------- 
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************** 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* "USART_UDRE" interrupt handler 
                                    ;* Transmits data pending in TX buffer in predefined baud rate & 8n1 
                                    ;* (RTS handshake via pin PB0, CTS_in; single- or multi-byte transfers) 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* All regs saved 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;*************************************************************************** 
                                    
                                    USART_UDRE: 
                                            sbic    UCSRA,RXC       ; if receiving (RXC "1"), 
                                            rjmp    U_Tx5           ; exit immediately 
                                    
                                            push    Flags_tmp 
                                            in      Flags_tmp,SREG  ; flags may be changed by arithmetics, 
                                            push    Flags_tmp       ;       so save the status register 
                                            push    Tmp1 
                                            push    Tmp2 
                                    
                                    U_Tx1: 
                                            sbrs    B_Flags4,2      ; set: use HW handshake 
                                            rjmp    Get_txfifo      ; don't use handshake 
                                            sbic    PINB,0          ; check CTS_in (low = pardner ready for receive) 
                                            rjmp    U_Tx3           ; pardner not ready, try later (exit), else 
                                    
                                    
                                    Get_txfifo:     ; fetch a byte from TX buffer and transmit it 
                                            lds     Tmp1,txfifo_n 
                                            tst     Tmp1            ; buffer empty? 
                                            breq    U_Tx3 
                                            sts     save_Y,YL 
                                            sts     save_Y + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,txfifo_out 
                                            lds     YH,txfifo_out + 1 
                                            ld      Tmp2,Y+         ; ** data_out ** 
                                            out     UDR,Tmp2        ; to UART transmit 
                                            dec     Tmp1 
                                            sts     txfifo_n,Tmp1 
                                            brne    tx_notclr       ; buffer not yet empty! 
                                            cbr     B_Flags3,0x40   ; else: clear TX data pending flag 
                                            cbi     UCSRB,UDRIE     ; and disable UDRE int 
                                    
                                    tx_notclr: 
                                            ldi     Tmp2,high(txfifo_base + txfifo_length) 
                                            cpi     YL,low(txfifo_base + txfifo_length) 
                                            cpc     YH,Tmp2 
                                            brne    end_get_txfifo 
                                            ldi     YL,low(txfifo_base) 
                                            ldi     YH,high(txfifo_base) 
                                    
                                    end_get_txfifo: 
                                            sts     txfifo_out,YL 
                                            sts     txfifo_out + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,save_Y 
                                            lds     YH,save_Y + 1 
                                    
                                    exit_get_txfifo: 
                                            rjmp    U_Tx4           ; (remove this for multi-byte transmits) 
                                            ;rjmp   U_Tx1           ; (loop until all bytes are sent - 
                                                                    ;  remove this for a one byte transmit) 
                                    U_Tx3: 
                                            cbi     UCSRB,UDRIE     ; disable UDRE int to avoid ADC lock-up if 
                                                                    ; HW handshake is active 
                                    U_Tx4: 
                                            pop     Tmp2 
                                            pop     Tmp1 
                                            pop     Flags_tmp 
                                            out     SREG,Flags_tmp  ; restore the status register 
                                            pop     Flags_tmp 
                                    
                                    U_Tx5: 
                                            reti 
                                    
                                    ;**** End of USART_UDRE interrupt handler ********************************** 
                                    
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************** 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* "USART_Rx" interrupt handler 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* Stores received bytes to fifo ring buffer ("Add_txfifo") 
                                    ;* Checks for errors, skips byte if error 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* All regs saved 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;*************************************************************************** 
                                    
                                    USART_RXC: 
                                            push    Flags_tmp 
                                            in      Flags_tmp,SREG  ; flags may be changed by arithmetics, 
                                            push    Flags_tmp       ;       so save the status register 
                                            push    Tmp1 
                                            push    Tmp3 
                                    
                                    U_R1: 
                                            in      Tmp1,UCSRA      ; get status 
                                            ldi     Tmp3,0b00011100 
                                            and     Tmp1,Tmp3       ; isolate bits 4-2 
                                            tst     Tmp1            ; if not zero, we have an error 
                                            breq    U_R_cont        ; no error 
                                    
                                            in      Tmp1,UDR        ; fetch defective byte, clear its error bits 
                                            ;call   Init_rxbuf      ; (flush rx fifo buffer, too) 
                                            ;**call error handler 
                                            rjmp    U_R2            ; continue -> test fifo for another byte 
                                    
                                    U_R_cont: 
                                            in      Tmp1,UDR        ; get data from UDR ... 
                                    
                                            ; Add_rxfifo - routine  ; ... and store it to RX buffer 
                                            lds     Tmp3,rxfifo_n           ; check if buffer full 
                                    
                                            cpi     Tmp3,rxfifo_length - 3  ; if buffer almost full, push RTS_out high 
                                            brsh    stop_rx                 ; (-> HW handshake, "stop", used if no rollover) 
                                    
                                    add_rxfifo_HWoff: 
                                            cpi     Tmp3,rxfifo_length      ; check if buffer full 
                                            breq    full_rxfifo_n           ; if so, deal with that 
                                    
                                    add_rxfifo_cont: 
                                            sts     save_Y,YL               ; save Y reg pair 
                                            sts     save_Y + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,rxfifo_in            ; setup FIFO_in 
                                            lds     YH,rxfifo_in + 1 
                                            st      Y+,Tmp1                 ; ** store data from Tmp1 ** 
                                    
                                            sbr     B_Flags4,0x02           ; set bit 1: rx data received and pending 
                                            inc     Tmp3                    ; inc FIFO_n 
                                            sts     rxfifo_n,Tmp3 
                                    
                                            ; 16-bit cpi with FIFO_base + FIFO_length 
                                            ldi     Tmp3,high(rxfifo_base + rxfifo_length) 
                                            cpi     YL,low(rxfifo_base + rxfifo_length) 
                                            cpc     YH,Tmp3 
                                            brne    end_add_rxfifo          ; if end of buffer ram reached, 
                                            ldi     YL,low(rxfifo_base)     ; rollover: load FIFO_in with 
                                            ldi     YH,high(rxfifo_base)    ; FIFO_base 
                                    
                                    end_add_rxfifo: 
                                            sts     rxfifo_in,YL            ; store FIFO_in 
                                            sts     rxfifo_in + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,save_Y               ; restore Y reg pair 
                                            lds     YH,save_Y + 1 
                                    
                                    exit_add_rxfifo: 
                                            rjmp    U_R2                    ; return (Exit Add_rxfifo routine) 
                                    
                                    
                                    full_rxfifo_n:  ; buffer is full: either 
                                                    ; overwrite older data in buffer (buffer rollover) 
                                            ;sbr    B_Flags4,0x02           ; clear bit 1, no more rx data pending 
                                            ;rjmp   add_rxfifo_cont 
                                    
                                                    ; or, alternative: call error handler and end 
                                                    ;**call rxfifo_err 
                                            rjmp    exit_add_rxfifo 
                                    
                                    stop_rx:        ; alternative if no buffer rollover 
                                            RTS_high                        ; HW handshake, "stop" 
                                            rjmp    add_rxfifo_HWoff 
                                    
                                    U_R2: 
                                            sbic    UCSRA,RXC       ; another byte pending in fifo? 
                                            rjmp    U_R1            ; yes, loop 
                                    
                                    U_R_exit: 
                                    
                                            pop     Tmp3 
                                            pop     Tmp1 
                                            pop     Flags_tmp 
                                            out     SREG,Flags_tmp  ; restore the status register 
                                            pop     Flags_tmp 
                                            reti 
                                    
                                    ;**** End of USART_RCX interrupt handler -------------------------------**** 
                                    
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************** 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* UART ring buffer functions 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* ("Add_rxfifo":   store a byte from IO_Source (UDR) to buffer, -> ISR) 
                                    ;* "Get_rxfifo":    return 1 byte from rx ring buffer in Tmp2 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* "Add_txfifo":    store a byte to transmit buffer 
                                    ;* ("Get_txfifo":   transmits the bytes stored in transmit buffer -> ISR) 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;* "Init_rx/txbuf": initialize/clear fifo ring buffers (RX / TX) 
                                    ;* 
                                    ;*************************************************************************** 
                                    
                                    ;************************************************************************** 
                                    
                                    Get_rxfifo:     ; returns a byte from RX buffer in Tmp2 
                                                    ; (all regs saved, comments cf. add_rxFIFO) 
                                            push    Tmp1 
                                            push    Tmp3 
                                            lds     Tmp1,rxfifo_n 
                                            cpi     Tmp1,rxfifo_length - 8  ; if buffer no longer almost full, 
                                            brlo    start_rx                ; set RTS_out low again (ready to receive) 
                                    
                                    get_rxfifo_cont: 
                                            tst     Tmp1 
                                            breq    exit_get_rxfifo 
                                            sts     save_Y,YL 
                                            sts     save_Y + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,rxfifo_out 
                                            lds     YH,rxfifo_out + 1 
                                            ld      Tmp2,Y+                 ; ** data_out to Tmp2 ** 
                                            dec     Tmp1 
                                            sts     rxfifo_n,Tmp1 
                                            brne    rx_notclr 
                                            cbr     B_Flags4,0x02           ; rx buffer empty: clear "data pending" bit 
                                    
                                    rx_notclr: 
                                            ldi     Tmp3,high(rxfifo_base + rxfifo_length) 
                                            cpi     YL,low(rxfifo_base + rxfifo_length) 
                                            cpc     YH,Tmp3 
                                            brne    end_get_rxfifo 
                                            ldi     YL,low(rxfifo_base) 
                                            ldi     YH,high(rxfifo_base) 
                                    
                                    end_get_rxfifo: 
                                            sts     rxfifo_out,YL 
                                            sts     rxfifo_out + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,save_Y 
                                            lds     YH,save_Y + 1 
                                    
                                    exit_get_rxfifo: 
                                            pop     Tmp3 
                                            pop     Tmp1 
                                            ret                             ; EXIT function 
                                    
                                    start_rx:                               ; switch receive on again 
                                            RTS_low 
                                            rjmp    get_rxfifo_cont 
                                    
                                    ;************************************************************************** 
                                    ;************************************************************************** 
                                    
                                    Add_txfifo:     ; stores a byte to TX buffer / all regs saved 
                                                    ; entry with data to-be-stored in Tmp2 
                                            push    Tmp1 
                                            push    Tmp3 
                                    
                                            lds     Tmp3,txfifo_n           ; load # of chars pending 
                                    
                                            cpi     Tmp3,txfifo_length      ; check if buffer full 
                                            breq    full_txfifo_n           ; if so, deal with that 
                                    
                                    add_txfifo_cont: 
                                            sbr     B_Flags3,0x40           ; set TX data pending flag 
                                            ;sbi    UCSRB,UDRIE             ; (enable UDRE int to start transmit!) 
                                            sts     save_Y,YL               ; save Y reg pair 
                                            sts     save_Y + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,txfifo_in            ; setup FIFO_in 
                                            lds     YH,txfifo_in + 1 
                                            st      Y+,Tmp2                 ; ** store data from Tmp2 ** 
                                            inc     Tmp3                    ; inc FIFO_n 
                                            sts     txfifo_n,Tmp3 
                                    
                                            ; 16-bit cpi with FIFO_base + FIFO_length 
                                            ldi     Tmp3,high(txfifo_base + txfifo_length) 
                                            cpi     YL,low(txfifo_base + txfifo_length) 
                                            cpc     YH,Tmp3 
                                            brne    end_add_txfifo          ; if end of buffer ram reached, 
                                            ldi     YL,low(txfifo_base)     ; rollover: load FIFO_in with 
                                            ldi     YH,high(txfifo_base)    ; FIFO_base 
                                    
                                    end_add_txfifo: 
                                            sts     txfifo_in,YL            ; store FIFO_in 
                                            sts     txfifo_in + 1,YH 
                                            lds     YL,save_Y               ; restore Y reg pair 
                                            lds     YH,save_Y + 1 
                                    
                                    exit_add_txfifo: 
                                            pop     Tmp3 
                                            pop     Tmp1 
                                            ret                             ; return 
                                    
                                    full_txfifo_n:  ; buffer is full: either 
                                                    ; overwrite older data in buffer (buffer rollover) 
                                            ;rjmp   add_txfifo_cont 
                                    
                                                    ; or, alternative: call error handler and end 
                                                    ;call   txfifo_err 
                                            rjmp    exit_add_txfifo 
                                    
                                    
                                    ;************************************************************************** 
                                    ;************************************************************************** 
                                    
                                    ; routines to initialize the RX / TX buffers 
                                    ; All regs saved 
                                    
                                    Init_rxbuf: 
                                            push    YH 
                                            push    YL 
                                            push    Tmp1 
                                    
                                            ; init rx buffer 
                                            clr     YL 
                                            sts     rxfifo_n,YL 
                                            ldi     YL,low(rxfifo_base) 
                                            ldi     YH,high(rxfifo_base) 
                                            sts     rxfifo_in,YL 
                                            sts     rxfifo_in + 1,YH 
                                            sts     rxfifo_out,YL 
                                            sts     rxfifo_out + 1,YH 
                                    
                                            cbr     B_Flags4,0x02           ; clear "rx data pending" bit 
                                            clr     Tmp1                    ; reset FIFO_n 
                                            sts     rxfifo_n,Tmp1 
                                    
                                            pop     Tmp1 
                                            pop     YL 
                                            pop     YH 
                                            ret 
                                    
                                    
                                    Init_txbuf: 
                                            push    YH 
                                            push    YL 
                                            push    Tmp1 
                                    
                                            ; init tx buffer 
                                            clr     YL 
                                            sts     txfifo_n,YL 
                                            ldi     YL,low(txfifo_base) 
                                            ldi     YH,high(txfifo_base) 
                                            sts     txfifo_in,YL 
                                            sts     txfifo_in + 1,YH 
                                            sts     txfifo_out,YL 
                                            sts     txfifo_out + 1,YH 
                                    
                                            cbr     B_Flags3,0x40           ; clear "tx data pending" bit 
                                            clr     Tmp1                    ; reset FIFO_n 
                                            sts     txfifo_n,Tmp1 
                                    
                                            pop     Tmp1 
                                            pop     YL 
                                            pop     YH 
                                            ret 
                                    
                                    ;**** End of UART buffer functions -----
                                     
                                    
                                    
                                 

Programming the AVR Microcontrollers in Assember Machine Language

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Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language