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AVR SPI PROTOCOL

                                    ;**** A P P L I C A T I O N   N O T E   A V R 3 2 0 *****************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* Title		: Software SPI Master
                                    ;* Version		: 1.0
                                    ;* Last updated		: 98.04.21
                                    ;* Target		: AT90S1200
                                    ;* Easily modified for	: Any AVR microcontroller
                                    ;*
                                    ;* Support E-mail	:avr@atmel.com
                                    ;*
                                    ;* DESCRIPTION
                                    ;*	This is a collection of 8/16-bit word, Mode 0, Master SPI routines.
                                    ;*	It simultaneously transmits and receives SPI data in 8- or 16-bit
                                    ;*	word format.  Data is sent and received MSB-first.  One pair of
                                    ;*	registers is used both to send and to receive; i.e., when one bit
                                    ;*	is shifted out (transmitted), the vacated bit position is used to
                                    ;*	store the new received bit.  These routines are low-level
                                    ;*	interface routines, and do not inherently contain a command
                                    ;*	structure; that is dictated by the connected SPI peripheral(s).
                                    ;*
                                    ;*	Due to having separate Enable/Disable and Read/Write-Word
                                    ;*	routines, larger blocks of data can be sent simply by calling
                                    ;*	the RW_SPI routine multiple times before disabling /SS.
                                    ;*
                                    ;* MAJOR ROUTINES:
                                    ;*	init_spi: initializes the port lines used for SPI.
                                    ;*			No calling requirements, returns nothing.
                                    ;*	ena_spi:  forces SCK low, and activates /SS signal.
                                    ;*			No calling requirements, returns nothing.
                                    ;*	disa_spi: brings /SS signal hi (inactive).
                                    ;*			No calling requirements, returns nothing.
                                    ;*	rw_spi:   sends/receives a an 8-bit or 16-bit data word.
                                    ;*			Must set up data to be sent in (spi_hi,spi_lo)
                                    ;*			prior to calling; it returns received data in
                                    ;*			the same register pair (if 8-bit, uses only
                                    ;*			the spi_lo register).
                                    ;*
                                    ;* VARIABLES:
                                    ;*	The spi_hi and spi_lo variables are the high and low data bytes.
                                    ;*	They can be located anywhere in the register file.
                                    ;*	
                                    ;*	The temp variable holds the bit count, and is also used in timing
                                    ;*      the high/low minimum pulse width.  This must be located in an
                                    ;*	upper register due to the use of an IMMEDIATE-mode instruction.
                                    ;*
                                    ;* HISTORY
                                    ;*	V1.0	98.04.21 (rgf)  Created
                                    ;*		
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;**** includes ****
                                    
                                    .include "1200def.inc"		;you can change this to any device
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* CONSTANTS
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;**** Revision Codes ****
                                    
                                    .equ	SW_MAJOR = 1		; Major SW revision number
                                    .equ	SW_MINOR = 0		; Minor SW revision number
                                    .equ	HW_MAJOR = 0		; Major HW revision number
                                    .equ	HW_MINOR = 0		; Minor HW revision number
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* PORT DEFINITIONS
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    .equ	sck	= 0		;PB0 pin
                                    .equ	nss	= 1		;PB1 pin
                                    .equ	mosi	= 2		;PB2 pin
                                    .equ	miso	= 3		;PB3 pin
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* REGISTER DEFINITIONS
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    .def	spi_lo	=r0	;change as needed
                                    .def	spi_hi	=r1	;  "
                                    .def	temp	=r16	;misc usage, must be in upper regs for IMMED mode
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* MACROS
                                    ;*	Program Macros
                                    ;*
                                    ;* DESCRIPTION
                                    ;*	Change the following macros if a port other than PORTB is used.
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    .macro	ss_active
                                    	cbi	portb,nss
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    
                                    .macro	ss_inactive
                                    	sbi	portb,nss
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    
                                    .macro	sck_hi
                                    	sbi	portb,sck
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    
                                    .macro	sck_lo
                                    	cbi	portb,sck
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    
                                    .macro	mosi_hi
                                    	sbi	portb,mosi
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    
                                    .macro	mosi_lo
                                    	cbi	portb,mosi
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    
                                    .macro	addi
                                    	subi	@0, -@1		;subtract the negative of an immediate value
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    .macro	set_delay		;set up the time delay amount, from 1 to 7
                                    	subi	@0, (@1 << 5)	;NOTE: THIS shift affects INC macro (below)!
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    .macro	inc_delay		;bump the delay counter
                                    	subi	@0, -(1 << 5)	;shift value here must be same as above!
                                    .endm
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* SAMPLE APPLICATION, READY TO RUN ON AN AT90S1200
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    .cseg
                                    .org	0
                                    Rvect:	rjmp	Reset
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* FUNCTION
                                    ;*	init_spi
                                    ;*
                                    ;* DESCRIPTION
                                    ;*	Initialize our port pins for use as SPI master.
                                    ;*
                                    ;* CODE SIZE:
                                    ;*	8 words
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    init_spi:
                                    	ss_inactive		;set latch bit hi (inactive)
                                    	sbi	ddrb,nss	;make it an output
                                    	;
                                    	sck_lo			;set clk line lo
                                    	sbi	ddrb,sck	;make it an output
                                    	;
                                    	mosi_lo			;set data-out lo
                                    	sbi	ddrb,mosi	;make it an output
                                    	;
                                    	cbi	ddrb,miso	;not really required, it powers up clr'd!
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* FUNCTION
                                    ;*	ena_spi
                                    ;*
                                    ;* DESCRIPTION
                                    ;*	Init data & clock lines, then assert /SS.  Note that if more than
                                    ;*	one slave is used, copies of this could be made that would each
                                    ;*	reference a different /SS port pin (use SS_ACTIVE0, SS_ACTIVE1, ...)
                                    ;*
                                    ;* CODE SIZE:
                                    ;*	4 words
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ena_spi:
                                    	sck_lo			;(should already be there...)
                                    	mosi_lo
                                    	ss_active
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* FUNCTION
                                    ;*	disa_spi
                                    ;*
                                    ;* DESCRIPTION
                                    ;*	De-assert /SS.  Since this routine is so short, it might be better
                                    ;*	to use the SS_INACTIVE statement directly in higher level code.
                                    ;*	Again, if multiple slaves exist, additional copies of this could
                                    ;*	be created; or ONE routine that disabled ALL /ss signals could be
                                    ;*	used instead to make the code less error-prone due to calling the
                                    ;*	wrong Disable routine.
                                    ;*
                                    ;* CODE SIZE:
                                    ;*	2 words
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    disa_spi:
                                    	ss_inactive
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* FUNCTION
                                    ;*	rw_spi
                                    ;*
                                    ;* DESCRIPTION
                                    ;*	Write a word out on SPI while simultaneously reading in a word.
                                    ;*	Data is sent MSB-first, and info read from SPI goes into
                                    ;*	the same buffer that the write data is going out from.
                                    ;*	Make sure data, clock and /SS are init'd before coming here.
                                    ;*	SCK high time is ((delay * 3) + 1) AVR clock cycles.
                                    ;*
                                    ;*	If 8-bit use is needed, change  LDI TEMP,16  to ,8  and also
                                    ;*	eliminate the ROL SPI_HI statement.
                                    ;*
                                    ;* CODE SIZE:
                                    ;*	21 words
                                    ;* NUMBER OF CYCLES:
                                    ;*	Overhead = 8, loop = 16 * (16 + (2* (delay_value*3)))
                                    ;	(With call + return + delay=4, it is about 648 cycles.)
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    rw_spi:	
                                    	ldi	temp,16		;init loop counter to 16 bits
                                           ;ldi	temp,8		;use THIS line instead if 8-bit desired
                                    	;
                                    spi_loop:
                                    	lsl	spi_lo		;move 0 into D0, all other bits UP one slot,
                                    	rol	spi_hi		; and C ends up being first bit to be sent.
                                     ;If 8-bit desired, also comment out the preceding ROL SPI_HI statement
                                    	;
                                    	brcc	lo_mosi
                                    	mosi_hi
                                    	rjmp	mosi_done	;this branch creates setup time on MOSI
                                    lo_mosi:
                                    	mosi_lo
                                    	nop			;also create setup time on MOSI
                                    mosi_done:
                                    	;
                                    	sck_hi
                                    	;
                                     ;must now time the hi pulse - not much else we can do here but waste time
                                    	;
                                    	set_delay temp,4	;(4 * 3) cycle delay; range is from 1 to 7!
                                    time_hi:
                                    	inc_delay temp		;inc upper nibble until it rolls over; then,
                                    	brcs	time_hi		; C gets CLEARED, & temp has original value
                                    	;
                                    	sck_lo			;drop clock line low
                                    	;
                                     ;must now delay before reading in SPI data on MISO
                                    	;
                                    	set_delay temp,4
                                    time_lo:
                                    	inc_delay temp
                                    	brcs	time_lo
                                    	;
                                    	sbic	pinb,miso	;after delay, read in SPI bit & put into D0
                                    	inc	spi_lo		;we FORCED D0=0, so use INC to set D0.
                                    	;
                                    	dec	temp
                                    	brne	spi_loop
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    ;************************  End of SPI routines ****************************
                                    
                                    ;**** Application example ****
                                    
                                    Reset:	rcall	init_spi
                                    	ser	temp		;load w/ FF
                                    	out	DDRD,temp
                                    	rjmp	Main
                                    
                                    
                                    Main:	ldi	R22,0xA3	;misc data
                                    	mov	spi_lo,R22	;set up information to be sent
                                    	mov	spi_hi,R22	;COMMENT THIS OUT IF 8-BIT MODE
                                    	rcall	ena_spi		;activate /SS
                                    	rcall	rw_spi		;send/receive 16 bits (or 8 bits)
                                    	rcall	disa_spi	;deactivate /SS
                                    	rcall	use_spi_rcv	;go use whatever we received
                                    	rjmp	Main
                                    
                                    
                                    Use_spi_rcv:			;just copy rcv'd data to Port D pins
                                    	out	PortD,R22
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    ;**** End of File ****
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                 

Programming the AVR Microcontrollers in Assember Machine Language

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Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language