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I2C/TWI PROTOCOL FOR 128

                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;
                                    ; File Name		:'twi.asm"
                                    ; Title			: I2C (TWI) Hardware
                                    ; Date			:2003.04.29.	Lastmod.:[2003.04.29.]
                                    ; Version		:1.0.0
                                    ; Support telephone	:+36-70-333-4034,  Old: +36-30-9541-658 VFX
                                    ; Support fax		:
                                    ; Support Email		:info@vfx.hu
                                    ; Target MCU		:ATmaga128
                                    ;
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;	D E S C R I P T I O N
                                    ;
                                    ;
                                    ;
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;	M O D I F I C A T I O N   H I S T O R Y
                                    ;
                                    ;
                                    ;       rev.      date      who		why
                                    ;	----	----------  ---		--------------------------------------------
                                    ;	0.01	2003.04.29  VFX		Creation
                                    ;
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;
                                    ;
                                    ;
                                    ;Hardware
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    
                                    
                                    ;**************************************************************************
                                    ;* Const Def
                                    ;
                                    ;Bit Rate Generator in Master Mode
                                    ;TWBR = Value of the TWI Bit Rate Register
                                    ;TWPS = Value of the prescaler bits in the TWI Status Register
                                    ;
                                    ;Note: TWBR should be 10 or higher if the TWI operates in Master mode.
                                    ; If TWBR is lower than 10, the master may produce an incorrect output on SDA
                                    ; and SCL for the reminder of the byte.
                                    ;
                                    ; SCL = SYSCLK/(16+2*TWBR*4^TWPS)  , TWPS= 0..3, TWBR= 0..255
                                    ;
                                    ; we use 100kHz I2C Bus & TWPS = 0, always for LOW Power
                                    
                                    .EQU	SCL_Freq	 = 100000	;Hz
                                    .EQU	TWI_SlaveAddress = 0xFE		;Slave Address is FECO :)
                                    
                                    
                                    .equ	TWI_WriteByte = 0x00		;Send Byte
                                    .equ	TWI_WriteRAW = 0x01		;Send Blokk of data
                                    .equ	TWI_ReadByte = 0x02		;Read Byte
                                    .equ	TWI_ReadRAW = 0x03		;Read Block of data
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    .DSEG
                                    
                                    TWI_CTL:	.byte 2		;Address of TWI IO Control Blokk
                                    TWI_Count:	.byte 1		;Byte counter for TWI
                                    TWI_Slave:	.byte 1 	;Slave Address
                                    TWI_ADR:	.byte 1		;Slave internal Address
                                    TWI_Flag:	.byte 1		;0. = 1 TWI in use
                                    TWI_SADR:	.byte 2		;TWI State Machin Address
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************
                                    ;*  Code
                                    ;*
                                    .CSEG
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************
                                    ;*  Init TWI Device, Clear TWI_CTL
                                    ;
                                    TWI_Init:
                                    		ldi	R16,Low(TWIRET)
                                    		sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                    		ldi	R16,High(TWIRET)
                                    		sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    
                                    		ldi	R16,SYSCLK/(2*SCL_Freq)-8	;TWI Bit Rate Register - TWBR
                                    		sts	TWBR,R16
                                    		ldi	R16,0b00000101	 		;TWI Control Register – TWCR
                                    		sts	TWCR,R16			;7 – TWINT: TWI Interrupt Flag
                                    							;6 – TWEA: TWI Enable Acknowledge
                                    							;5 – TWSTA: TWI START Condition
                                    							;4 – TWSTO: TWI STOP Condition
                                    							;3 - TWWC: TWI Write Collision Flag
                                    							;2 – TWEN: TWI Enable
                                    							;1 – Res: Reserved Bit
                                    							;0 – TWIE: TWI Interrupt Enable
                                    
                                    		ldi	R16,0b11111000			;TWI Status Register – TWSR
                                    		sts	TWSR,R16			;7..3 – TWS: TWI Status
                                    							;2 – Res: Reserved Bit
                                    							;1..0 – TWPS: TWI Prescaler Bits
                                    
                                    		ldi	R16,TWI_SlaveAddress		;TWI (Slave) Address Register
                                    		sts     TWAR,R16
                                    		clr	R16
                                    		sts	TWI_Flag,R16
                                    		ret
                                    
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************
                                    ;*  Start TWI Comunication in Master Mode
                                    ; In:	X - Address of IO_CTR Block
                                    ;
                                    ;	R17 - count of byte
                                    ;	R18 - Slave Address
                                    ;	R19 - Internal Address of Slave
                                    ; Out:	c = 1 error
                                    ;
                                    TWI_StartRead:
                                    			rcall	WaitToTWI
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(RBlock0)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(RBlock0)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    TWI_Common:
                                    			sts	TWI_CTL+0,XL
                                    			sts	TWI_CTL+1,XH
                                    			sts	TWI_Count,R17
                                    			sts	TWI_Slave,R18
                                    			sts	TWI_ADR,R19
                                    
                                    			lds	R16,TWI_Flag
                                    			ori	R16,1	   		;TWI in use!
                                    			andi	R16,0b11111101		;TWI no error
                                    			sts	TWI_Flag,R16
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,0b11100101
                                    			sts	TWCR,R16		;7 – TWINT: TWI Interrupt Flag
                                    							;6 – TWEA: TWI Enable Acknowledge
                                    					      		;5 – TWSTA: TWI START Condition
                                    					     		;4 – TWSTO: TWI STOP Condition
                                    					      		;3 – TWWC: TWI Write Collision
                                    					       		;2 – TWEN: TWI Enable
                                    					       		;1 – Res: Reserved
                                    					       		;0 – TWIE: TWI Interrupt Enable
                                    TWIRET:
                                    			ret
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************
                                    ;*  Start TWI Comunication in Master Mode - Write!
                                    ; In:	X - Address of IO_CTR Block
                                    ;	R17 - count of byte
                                    ;	R18 - Slave Address
                                    ;	R19 - Internal Address of Slave
                                    ; Out:	c = 1 error
                                    ;
                                    TWI_StartWrite:
                                    			rcall	WaitToTWI
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(WBlock0)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(WBlock0)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    			rjmp	TWI_Common
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;*************************************************************************
                                    ;*  TWI interrupt
                                    ;*
                                    TWI:					; Two-wire Serial Interface Interrupt Handler
                                    		push	ZL
                                    		push	ZH
                                    		in	ZL,SREG			;preserve main OS status reg.
                                    		push	ZL
                                    		push	R16
                                    		push	R0
                                    		push	R17
                                    		in	ZL,RAMPZ
                                    		push	ZL
                                    
                                    		lds	R16,TWSR			;Load TWI Status
                                    		andi	R16,0b11111000			;csak a status marad
                                    
                                    		lds	ZL,TWI_SADR+0
                                           		lds	ZH,TWI_SADR+1
                                    		icall
                                    
                                    		pop	ZL
                                    		out	RAMPZ,ZL
                                    		pop	R17
                                    		POP	R0
                                    		POP	R16
                                    		POP	ZL
                                    		OUT	SREG,ZL
                                    		POP	ZH
                                    		POP	ZL
                                    		RETI
                                    
                                    
                                    ;************************************************************************************************************
                                    ;*** R E A D  B L O C K
                                    ;***
                                    ;
                                    ;***********************
                                    ; Read Block of data - State 0
                                    ; Start bit sended
                                    RBlock0:
                                           			cpi	R16,0x08			;A START condition has been transmitted
                                           			breq	Rbl0
                                           			cpi	R16,0x10			;A Repeated START condition has been transmitted
                                           			breq	Rbl0
                                    			rjmp	TWI_ReadError
                                    Rbl0:
                                    			lds	R16,TWI_Slave
                                    			andi	R16,0b11111110			;Write SLA
                                    			sts	TWDR,R16			;Send Slave Address
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(RBlock1)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(RBlock1)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    
                                    	      		ldi	R16,(1< Send slave internal address
                                    RBlock1:
                                          			cpi	R16,0x18			;SLA+W has been transmitted
                                           			breq	RBl1
                                    			rjmp	TWI_ReadError
                                    RBl1:
                                    			lds	R16,TWI_ADR
                                    	       		sts	TWDR,R16			;Send Slave Internal Address
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(RBlock2)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(RBlock2)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    	      		ldi	R16,(1< Repeated Satrt send
                                    RBlock2:
                                    			cpi	R16,0x28			;SlaveAddress sended + ACK received
                                           			breq	Rbl21
                                    			rjmp	TWI_ReadError
                                    Rbl21:
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(RBlock3)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(RBlock3)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    
                                    	      		ldi	R16,(1< Send SLA+R
                                    RBlock3:
                                    			cpi	R16,0x10			;Repeated Start sended + ACK received
                                           			breq	RBl31
                                    			rjmp	TWI_ReadError
                                    RBl31:
                                    			lds	R16,TWI_Slave
                                    			ori	R16,1		       		;Write SLA+R
                                    	       		sts	TWDR,R16			;Send Slave Address
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(RBlock4)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(RBlock4)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    
                                    	      		ldi	R16,(1< Read data byte
                                    RBlock4:
                                    			cpi	R16,0x40			;SLA+R send + ACK received
                                           			brne	TWI_ReadError
                                    
                                    			lds	R16,TWI_Count
                                    			cpi	R16,1
                                    			breq	TWILAstByte
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(RBlock5)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(RBlock5)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    
                                    	      		ldi	R16,(1< Send slave internal address
                                    WBlock1:
                                          			cpi	R16,0x18			;SLA+W has been transmitted
                                           			breq	WBl1
                                    			rjmp	TWI_WriteError
                                    WBl1:
                                    			lds	R16,TWI_ADR
                                    	       		sts	TWDR,R16			;Send Slave Internal Address
                                    
                                    			ldi	R16,Low(WBlock2)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+0,R16
                                           			ldi	R16,High(WBlock2)
                                           			sts	TWI_SADR+1,R16
                                    	      		ldi	R16,(1< Write data
                                    WBlock2:
                                    			cpi	R16,0x28			;Data byte has been transmitted + ACK received
                                    			breq	WB12
                                    			rjmp	TWI_WriteError
                                    WB12:								;Send data byte continous
                                    			lds	ZL,TWI_CTL+0
                                    			lds	ZH,TWI_CTL+1
                                    			ld	R0,Z+
                                    			sts	TWDR,R0				;next data byte
                                    			sts	TWI_CTL+0,ZL
                                    			sts	TWI_CTL+1,ZH
                                    
                                    			lds	R16,TWI_Count
                                    			cpi	R16,1
                                    			breq	TWI_WriteLastByte
                                    			dec	R16
                                    			sts	TWI_Count,R16
                                    
                                    	      		ldi	R16,(1<
                                 

Programming the AVR Microcontrollers in Assember Machine Language

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Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language