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MULTIPLY & DIVIDE (AVR 200)

                                    ;**** A P P L I C A T I O N   N O T E   A V R 2 0 0 ************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* Title:		Multiply and Divide Routines
                                    ;* Version:		1.1
                                    ;* Last updated:	97.07.04
                                    ;* Target:		AT90Sxxxx (All AVR Devices)
                                    ;*
                                    ;* Support E-mail:	avr@atmel.com
                                    ;* ;* DESCRIPTION
                                    ;* This Application Note lists subroutines for the following
                                    ;* Muliply/Divide applications:
                                    ;*
                                    ;* 8x8 bit unsigned
                                    ;* 8x8 bit signed
                                    ;* 16x16 bit unsigned
                                    ;* 16x16 bit signed
                                    ;* 8/8 bit unsigned
                                    ;* 8/8 bit signed
                                    ;* 16/16 bit unsigned
                                    ;* 16/16 bit signed
                                    ;*
                                    ;* All routines are Code Size optimized implementations
                                    ;*;***************************************************************************
                                    .include "1200def.inc"
                                    
                                    	rjmp	RESET	;reset handle
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "mpy8u" - 8x8 Bit Unsigned Multiplication
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine multiplies the two register variables mp8u and mc8u.
                                    ;* The result is placed in registers m8uH, m8uL
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:9 + return
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:58 + return
                                    ;* Low registers used	:None
                                    ;* High registers used  :4 (mp8u,mc8u/m8uL,m8uH,mcnt8u)	
                                    ;*
                                    ;* Note: Result Low byte and the multiplier share the same register.
                                    ;* This causes the multiplier to be overwritten by the result.
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	mc8u	=r16		;multiplicand
                                    .def	mp8u	=r17		;multiplier
                                    .def	m8uL	=r17		;result Low byte
                                    .def	m8uH	=r18		;result High byte
                                    .def	mcnt8u	=r19		;loop counter
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    
                                    
                                    mpy8u:	clr	m8uH		;clear result High byte
                                    	ldi	mcnt8u,8	;init loop counter
                                    	lsr	mp8u		;rotate multiplier
                                    	
                                    m8u_1:	brcc	m8u_2		;carry set 
                                    	add 	m8uH,mc8u	;   add multiplicand to result High byte
                                    m8u_2:	ror	m8uH		;rotate right result High byte
                                    	ror	m8uL		;rotate right result L byte and multiplier
                                    	dec	mcnt8u		;decrement loop counter
                                    	brne	m8u_1		;if not done, loop more
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "mpy8s" - 8x8 Bit Signed Multiplication
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine multiplies signed the two register variables mp8s and 
                                    ;* mc8s. The result is placed in registers m8sH, m8sL
                                    ;* The routine is an implementation of Booth's algorithm. If all 16 bits
                                    ;* in the result are needed, avoid calling the routine with
                                    ;* -128 ($80) as multiplicand
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:10 + return
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:73 + return
                                    ;* Low registers used	:None
                                    ;* High registers used  :4 (mc8s,mp8s/m8sL,m8sH,mcnt8s)	
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	mc8s	=r16		;multiplicand
                                    .def	mp8s	=r17		;multiplier
                                    .def	m8sL	=r17		;result Low byte
                                    .def	m8sH	=r18		;result High byte
                                    .def	mcnt8s	=r19		;loop counter
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    
                                    mpy8s:	sub	m8sH,m8sH	;clear result High byte and carry
                                    	ldi	mcnt8s,8	;init loop counter
                                    m8s_1:	brcc	m8s_2		;if carry (previous bit) set
                                    	add	m8sH,mc8s	;    add multiplicand to result High byte
                                    m8s_2:	sbrc	mp8s,0		;if current bit set
                                    	sub	m8sH,mc8s	;    subtract multiplicand from result High
                                    	asr	m8sH		;shift right result High byte
                                    	ror	m8sL		;shift right result L byte and multiplier
                                    	dec	mcnt8s		;decrement loop counter
                                    	brne	m8s_1		;if not done, loop more
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "mpy16u" - 16x16 Bit Unsigned Multiplication
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine multiplies the two 16-bit register variables 
                                    ;* mp16uH:mp16uL and mc16uH:mc16uL.
                                    ;* The result is placed in m16u3:m16u2:m16u1:m16u0.
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:14 + return
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:153 + return
                                    ;* Low registers used	:None
                                    ;* High registers used  :7 (mp16uL,mp16uH,mc16uL/m16u0,mc16uH/m16u1,m16u2,
                                    ;*                          m16u3,mcnt16u)	
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	mc16uL	=r16		;multiplicand low byte
                                    .def	mc16uH	=r17		;multiplicand high byte
                                    .def	mp16uL	=r18		;multiplier low byte
                                    .def	mp16uH	=r19		;multiplier high byte
                                    .def	m16u0	=r18		;result byte 0 (LSB)
                                    .def	m16u1	=r19		;result byte 1
                                    .def	m16u2	=r20		;result byte 2
                                    .def	m16u3	=r21		;result byte 3 (MSB)
                                    .def	mcnt16u	=r22		;loop counter
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    
                                    mpy16u:	clr	m16u3		;clear 2 highest bytes of result
                                    	clr	m16u2
                                    	ldi	mcnt16u,16	;init loop counter
                                    	lsr	mp16uH
                                    	ror	mp16uL
                                    
                                    m16u_1:	brcc	noad8		;if bit 0 of multiplier set
                                    	add	m16u2,mc16uL	;add multiplicand Low to byte 2 of res
                                    	adc	m16u3,mc16uH	;add multiplicand high to byte 3 of res
                                    noad8:	ror	m16u3		;shift right result byte 3
                                    	ror	m16u2		;rotate right result byte 2
                                    	ror	m16u1		;rotate result byte 1 and multiplier High
                                    	ror	m16u0		;rotate result byte 0 and multiplier Low
                                    	dec	mcnt16u		;decrement loop counter
                                    	brne	m16u_1		;if not done, loop more
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "mpy16s" - 16x16 Bit Signed Multiplication
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine multiplies signed the two 16-bit register variables 
                                    ;* mp16sH:mp16sL and mc16sH:mc16sL.
                                    ;* The result is placed in m16s3:m16s2:m16s1:m16s0.
                                    ;* The routine is an implementation of Booth's algorithm. If all 32 bits
                                    ;* in the result are needed, avoid calling the routine with
                                    ;* -32768 ($8000) as multiplicand
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:16 + return
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:210/226 (Min/Max) + return
                                    ;* Low registers used	:None
                                    ;* High registers used  :7 (mp16sL,mp16sH,mc16sL/m16s0,mc16sH/m16s1,
                                    ;*			    m16s2,m16s3,mcnt16s)	
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	mc16sL	=r16		;multiplicand low byte
                                    .def	mc16sH	=r17		;multiplicand high byte
                                    .def	mp16sL	=r18		;multiplier low byte
                                    .def	mp16sH	=r19		;multiplier high byte
                                    .def	m16s0	=r18		;result byte 0 (LSB)
                                    .def	m16s1	=r19		;result byte 1
                                    .def	m16s2	=r20		;result byte 2
                                    .def	m16s3	=r21		;result byte 3 (MSB)
                                    .def	mcnt16s	=r22		;loop counter
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    mpy16s:	clr	m16s3		;clear result byte 3
                                    	sub	m16s2,m16s2	;clear result byte 2 and carry
                                    	ldi	mcnt16s,16	;init loop counter
                                    m16s_1:	brcc	m16s_2		;if carry (previous bit) set
                                    	add	m16s2,mc16sL	;    add multiplicand Low to result byte 2
                                    	adc	m16s3,mc16sH	;    add multiplicand High to result byte 3
                                    m16s_2:	sbrc	mp16sL,0	;if current bit set
                                    	sub	m16s2,mc16sL	;    sub multiplicand Low from result byte 2
                                    	sbrc	mp16sL,0	;if current bit set
                                    	sbc	m16s3,mc16sH	;    sub multiplicand High from result byte 3
                                    	asr	m16s3		;shift right result and multiplier
                                    	ror	m16s2
                                    	ror	m16s1
                                    	ror	m16s0
                                    	dec	mcnt16s		;decrement counter
                                    	brne	m16s_1		;if not done, loop more	
                                    	ret
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "div8u" - 8/8 Bit Unsigned Division
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine divides the two register variables "dd8u" (dividend) and 
                                    ;* "dv8u" (divisor). The result is placed in "dres8u" and the remainder in
                                    ;* "drem8u".
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:14
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:97
                                    ;* Low registers used	:1 (drem8u)
                                    ;* High registers used  :3 (dres8u/dd8u,dv8u,dcnt8u)
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	drem8u	=r15		;remainder
                                    .def	dres8u	=r16		;result
                                    .def	dd8u	=r16		;dividend
                                    .def	dv8u	=r17		;divisor
                                    .def	dcnt8u	=r18		;loop counter
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    
                                    div8u:	sub	drem8u,drem8u	;clear remainder and carry
                                    	ldi	dcnt8u,9	;init loop counter
                                    d8u_1:	rol	dd8u		;shift left dividend
                                    	dec	dcnt8u		;decrement counter
                                    	brne	d8u_2		;if done
                                    	ret			;    return
                                    d8u_2:	rol	drem8u		;shift dividend into remainder
                                    	sub	drem8u,dv8u	;remainder = remainder - divisor
                                    	brcc	d8u_3		;if result negative
                                    	add	drem8u,dv8u	;    restore remainder
                                    	clc			;    clear carry to be shifted into result
                                    	rjmp	d8u_1		;else
                                    d8u_3:	sec			;    set carry to be shifted into result
                                    	rjmp	d8u_1
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "div8s" - 8/8 Bit Signed Division
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine divides the two register variables "dd8s" (dividend) and 
                                    ;* "dv8s" (divisor). The result is placed in "dres8s" and the remainder in
                                    ;* "drem8s".
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:27
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:107/108
                                    ;* Low registers used	:2 (d8s,drem8s)
                                    ;* High registers used  :3 (dres8s/dd8s,dv8s,dcnt8s)
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	d8s	=r14		;sign register
                                    .def	drem8s	=r15		;remainder
                                    .def	dres8s	=r16		;result
                                    .def	dd8s	=r16		;dividend
                                    .def	dv8s	=r17		;divisor
                                    .def	dcnt8s	=r18		;loop counter
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    
                                    div8s:	mov	d8s,dd8s	;move dividend to sign register
                                    	eor	d8s,dv8s	;xor sign with divisor
                                    	
                                    	sbrc	dv8s,7		;if MSB of divisor set
                                    	neg	dv8s		;    change sign of divisor
                                    	sbrc	dd8s,7		;if MSB of dividend set
                                    	neg	dd8s		;    change sign of divisor
                                    	sub	drem8s,drem8s	;clear remainder and carry
                                    	ldi	dcnt8s,9	;init loop counter
                                    d8s_1:	rol	dd8s		;shift left dividend
                                    	dec	dcnt8s		;decrement counter
                                    	brne	d8s_2		;if done
                                    	sbrc	d8s,7		;    if MSB of sign register set
                                    	neg	dres8s		;        change sign of result
                                    		
                                    	ret			;    return
                                    d8s_2:	rol	drem8s		;shift dividend into remainder
                                    	sub	drem8u,dv8s	;remainder = remainder - divisor
                                    	brcc	d8s_3		;if result negative
                                    	add	drem8u,dv8s	;    restore remainder
                                    	clc			;    clear carry to be shifted into result			
                                    	rjmp	d8s_1		;else
                                    d8s_3:	sec			;    set carry to be shifted into result
                                    	rjmp	d8s_1
                                    
                                    
                                    	
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "div16u" - 16/16 Bit Unsigned Division
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine divides the two 16-bit numbers 
                                    ;* "dd8uH:dd8uL" (dividend) and "dv16uH:dv16uL" (divisor). 
                                    ;* The result is placed in "dres16uH:dres16uL" and the remainder in
                                    ;* "drem16uH:drem16uL".
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:19
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:235/251 (Min/Max)
                                    ;* Low registers used	:2 (drem16uL,drem16uH)
                                    ;* High registers used  :5 (dres16uL/dd16uL,dres16uH/dd16uH,dv16uL,dv16uH,
                                    ;*			    dcnt16u)
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	drem16uL=r14
                                    .def	drem16uH=r15
                                    .def	dres16uL=r16
                                    .def	dres16uH=r17
                                    .def	dd16uL	=r16
                                    .def	dd16uH	=r17
                                    .def	dv16uL	=r18
                                    .def	dv16uH	=r19
                                    .def	dcnt16u	=r20
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    
                                    div16u:	clr	drem16uL	;clear remainder Low byte
                                    	sub	drem16uH,drem16uH;clear remainder High byte and carry
                                    	ldi	dcnt16u,17	;init loop counter
                                    d16u_1:	rol	dd16uL		;shift left dividend
                                    	rol	dd16uH
                                    	dec	dcnt16u		;decrement counter
                                    	brne	d16u_2		;if done
                                    	ret			;    return
                                    d16u_2:	rol	drem16uL	;shift dividend into remainder
                                    	rol	drem16uH
                                    	sub	drem16uL,dv16uL	;remainder = remainder - divisor
                                    	sbc	drem16uH,dv16uH	;
                                    	brcc	d16u_3		;if result negative
                                    	add	drem16uL,dv16uL	;    restore remainder
                                    	adc	drem16uH,dv16uH
                                    	clc			;    clear carry to be shifted into result
                                    	rjmp	d16u_1		;else
                                    d16u_3:	sec			;    set carry to be shifted into result
                                    	rjmp	d16u_1
                                    	
                                    	
                                    
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* "div16s" - 16/16 Bit Signed Division
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This subroutine divides signed the two 16 bit numbers 
                                    ;* "dd16sH:dd16sL" (dividend) and "dv16sH:dv16sL" (divisor). 
                                    ;* The result is placed in "dres16sH:dres16sL" and the remainder in
                                    ;* "drem16sH:drem16sL".
                                    ;*  
                                    ;* Number of words	:45
                                    ;* Number of cycles	:252/268 (Min/Max)
                                    ;* Low registers used	:3 (d16s,drem16sL,drem16sH)
                                    ;* High registers used  :7 (dres16sL/dd16sL,dres16sH/dd16sH,dv16sL,dv16sH,
                                    ;*
                                    ;***************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Subroutine Register Variables
                                    
                                    .def	d16s	=r13		;sign register
                                    .def	drem16sL=r14		;remainder low byte		
                                    .def	drem16sH=r15		;remainder high byte
                                    .def	dres16sL=r16		;result low byte
                                    .def	dres16sH=r17		;result high byte
                                    .def	dd16sL	=r16		;dividend low byte
                                    .def	dd16sH	=r17		;dividend high byte
                                    .def	dv16sL	=r18		;divisor low byte
                                    .def	dv16sH	=r19		;divisor high byte
                                    .def	dcnt16s	=r20		;loop counter
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    
                                    div16s:	mov	d16s,dd16sH	;move dividend High to sign register
                                    	eor	d16s,dv16sH	;xor divisor High with sign register
                                    	
                                    	sbrs	dd16sH,7	;if MSB in dividend set
                                    	rjmp	d16s_1
                                    	com	dd16sH		;    change sign of dividend
                                    	com	dd16sL		
                                    	subi	dd16sL,low(-1)
                                    	sbci	dd16sL,high(-1)
                                    d16s_1:	sbrs	dv16sH,7	;if MSB in divisor set
                                    	rjmp	d16s_2
                                    	com	dv16sH		;    change sign of divisor
                                    	com	dv16sL		
                                    	subi	dv16sL,low(-1)
                                    	sbci	dv16sL,high(-1)
                                    d16s_2:	clr	drem16sL	;clear remainder Low byte
                                    	sub	drem16sH,drem16sH;clear remainder High byte and carry
                                    	ldi	dcnt16s,17	;init loop counter
                                    
                                    d16s_3:	rol	dd16sL		;shift left dividend
                                    	rol	dd16sH
                                    	dec	dcnt16s		;decrement counter
                                    	brne	d16s_5		;if done
                                    	sbrs	d16s,7		;    if MSB in sign register set
                                    	rjmp	d16s_4
                                    	com	dres16sH	;        change sign of result
                                    	com	dres16sL
                                    	subi	dres16sL,low(-1)
                                    	sbci	dres16sH,high(-1)
                                    
                                    d16s_4:	
                                    	ret			;    return
                                    d16s_5:	rol	drem16sL	;shift dividend into remainder
                                    	rol	drem16sH
                                    	sub	drem16sL,dv16sL	;remainder = remainder - divisor
                                    	sbc	drem16sH,dv16sH	;
                                    	brcc	d16s_6		;if result negative
                                    	add	drem16sL,dv16sL	;    restore remainder
                                    	adc	drem16sH,dv16sH
                                    	clc			;    clear carry to be shifted into result
                                    	rjmp	d16s_3		;else
                                    d16s_6:	sec			;    set carry to be shifted into result
                                    	rjmp	d16s_3
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    ;****************************************************************************
                                    ;*
                                    ;* Test Program
                                    ;*
                                    ;* This program calls all the subroutines as an example of usage and to 
                                    ;* verify correct verification.
                                    ;*
                                    ;****************************************************************************
                                    
                                    ;***** Main Program Register variables
                                    
                                    .def	temp	=r16		;temporary storage variable
                                    
                                    ;***** Code
                                    RESET:
                                    ;---------------------------------------------------------------
                                    ;Include these lines for devices with SRAM
                                    ;	ldi	temp,low(RAMEND)
                                    ;	out	SPL,temp	
                                    ;	ldi	temp,high(RAMEND)
                                    ;	out	SPH,temp	;init Stack Pointer
                                    ;---------------------------------------------------------------
                                    
                                    ;***** Multiply Two Unsigned 8-Bit Numbers (250 * 4)
                                    
                                    	ldi	mc8u,250
                                    	ldi	mp8u,4
                                    	rcall	mpy8u		;result: m8uH:m8uL = $03e8 (1000)
                                    
                                    ;***** Multiply Two Signed 8-Bit Numbers (-99 * 88)
                                    	ldi	mc8s,-99
                                    	ldi	mp8s,88
                                    	rcall	mpy8s		;result: m8sH:m8sL = $ddf8 (-8712)
                                    
                                    ;***** Multiply Two Unsigned 16-Bit Numbers (5050 * 10,000)
                                    	ldi	mc16uL,low(5050)
                                    	ldi	mc16uH,high(5050)
                                    	ldi	mp16uL,low(10000)
                                    	ldi	mp16uH,high(10000)
                                    	rcall	mpy16u		;result: m16u3:m16u2:m16u1:m16u0
                                    				;=030291a0 (50,500,000)
                                    	
                                    ;***** Multiply Two Signed 16-Bit Numbers (-12345*(-4321))
                                    	ldi	mc16sL,low(-12345)
                                    	ldi	mc16sH,high(-12345)
                                    	ldi	mp16sL,low(-4321)
                                    	ldi	mp16sH,high(-4321)
                                    	rcall	mpy16s		;result: m16s3:m16s2:m16s1:m16s0
                                    				;=$032df219 (53,342,745)
                                    
                                    ;***** Divide Two Unsigned 8-Bit Numbers (100/3)
                                    	ldi	dd8u,100
                                    	ldi	dv8u,3
                                    	rcall	div8u		;result: 	$21 (33)
                                    				;remainder:	$01 (1)
                                    
                                    ;***** Divide Two Signed 8-Bit Numbers (-110/-11)
                                    	ldi	dd8s,-110
                                    	ldi	dv8s,-11
                                    	rcall	div8s		;result:	$0a (10)
                                    				;remainder	$00 (0)
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***** Divide Two Unsigned 16-Bit Numbers (50,000/60,000)
                                    	ldi	dd16uL,low(50000)
                                    	ldi	dd16uH,high(50000)
                                    	ldi	dv16uL,low(60000)
                                    	ldi	dv16uH,high(60000)
                                    	rcall	div16u		;result:	$0000 (0)
                                    				;remainder:	$c350 (50,000)
                                    
                                    
                                    ;***** Divide Two Signed 16-Bit Numbers (-22,222/10)
                                    	ldi	dd16sL,low(-22222)
                                    	ldi	dd16sH,high(-22222)
                                    	ldi	dv16sL,low(10)
                                    	ldi	dv16sH,high(10)
                                    	rcall	div16s		;result:	$f752 (-2222)
                                    				;remainder:	$0002 (2)
                                    
                                    forever:rjmp	forever
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                 

Programming the AVR Microcontrollers in Assember Machine Language

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Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language Atmel AVR From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Avr) Jump to: navigation, search The AVRs are a family of RISC microcontrollers from Atmel. Their internal architecture was conceived by two students: Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan, at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH] and further developed at Atmel Norway, a subsidiary founded by the two architects. Atmel recently released the Atmel AVR32 line of microcontrollers. These are 32-bit RISC devices featuring SIMD and DSP instructions, along with many additional features for audio and video processing, intended to compete with ARM based processors. Note that the use of "AVR" in this article refers to the 8-bit RISC line of Atmel AVR Microcontrollers. The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for Advanced Virtual RISC. It's also rumoured to stand for the company's founders: Alf and Vegard, who are evasive when questioned about it. Contents [hide] 1 Device Overview 1.1 Program Memory 1.2 Data Memory and Registers 1.3 EEPROM 1.4 Program Execution 1.5 Speed 2 Development 3 Features 4 Footnotes 5 See also 6 External Links 6.1 Atmel Official Links 6.2 AVR Forums & Discussion Groups 6.3 Machine Language Development 6.4 C Language Development 6.5 BASIC & Other AVR Languages 6.6 AVR Butterfly Specific 6.7 Other AVR Links [edit] Device Overview The AVR is a Harvard architecture machine with programs and data stored and addressed separately. Flash, EEPROM, and SRAM are all integrated onto a single die, removing the need for external memory (though still available on some devices). [edit] Program Memory Program instructions are stored in semi-permanent Flash memory. Each instruction for the AVR line is either 16 or 32 bits in length. The Flash memory is addressed using 16 bit word sizes. The size of the program memory is indicated in the naming of the device itself. For instance, the ATmega64x line has 64Kbytes of Flash. Almost all AVR devices are self-programmable. [edit] Data Memory and Registers The data address space consists of the register file, I/O registers, and SRAM. The AVRs have thirty-two single-byte registers and are classified as 8-bit RISC devices. The working registers are mapped in as the first thirty-two memory spaces (000016-001F16) followed by the 64 I/O registers (002016-005F16). The actual usable RAM starts after both these sections (address 006016). (Note that the I/O register space may be larger on some more extensive devices, in which case memory mapped I/O registers will occupy a portion of the SRAM.) Even though there are separate addressing schemes and optimized opcodes for register file and I/O register access, all can still be addressed and manipulated as if they were in SRAM. [edit] EEPROM Almost all devices have on-die EEPROM. This is most often used for long-term parameter storage to be retrieved even after cycling the power of the device. [edit] Program Execution Atmel's AVRs have a single level pipeline design. The next machine instruction is fetched as the current one is executing. Most instructions take just one or two clock cycles, making AVRs relatively fast among the eight-bit microcontrollers. The AVR family of processors were designed for the efficient execution of compiled C code. The AVR instruction set is more orthogonal than most eight-bit microcontrollers, however, it is not completely regular: Pointer registers X, Y, and Z have addressing capabilities that are different from each other. Register locations R0 to R15 have different addressing capabilities than register locations R16 to R31. I/O ports 0 to 31 have different addressing capabilities than I/O ports 32 to 63. CLR affects flags, while SER does not, even though they are complementary instructions. CLR set all bits to zero and SER sets them to one. (Note though, that neither CLR nor SER are native instructions. Instead CLR is syntactic sugar for [produces the same machine code as] EOR R,R while SER is syntactic sugar for LDI R,$FF. Math operations such as EOR modify flags while moves/loads/stores/branches such as LDI do not.) [edit] Speed The AVR line can normally support clock speeds from 0-16MHz, with some devices reaching 20MHz. Lower powered operation usually requires a reduced clock speed. All AVRs feature an on-chip oscillator, removing the need for external clocks or resonator circuitry. Because many operations on the AVR are single cycle, the AVR can achieve up to 1MIPS per MHz. [edit] Development AVRs have a large following due to the free and inexpensive development tools available, including reasonably priced development boards and free development software. The AVRs are marketed under various names that share the same basic core but with different peripheral and memory combinations. Some models (notably, the ATmega range) have additional instructions to make arithmetic faster. Compatibility amongst chips is fairly good. See external links for sites relating to AVR development. [edit] Features Current AVRs offer a wide range of features: RISC Core Running Many Single Cycle Instructions Multifunction, Bi-directional I/O Ports with Internal, Configurable Pull-up Resistors Multiple Internal Oscillators Internal, Self-Programmable Instruction Flash Memory up to 256K In-System Programmable using ICSP, JTAG, or High Voltage methods Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits for Protection Internal Data EEPROM up to 4KB Internal SRAM up to 8K 8-Bit and 16-Bit Timers PWM Channels & dead time generator Lighting (PWM Specific) Controller models Dedicated I²C Compatible Two-Wire Interface (TWI) Synchronous/Asynchronous Serial Peripherals (UART/USART) (As used with RS-232,RS-485, and more) Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) CAN Controller Support USB Controller Support Proper High-speed hardware & Hub controller with embedded AVR. Also freely available low-speed (HID) software emulation Ethernet Controller Support Universal Serial Interface (USI) for Two or Three-Wire Synchronous Data Transfer Analog Comparators LCD Controller Support 10-Bit A/D Converters, with multiplex of up to 16 channels Brownout Detection Watchdog Timer (WDT) Low-voltage Devices Operating Down to 1.8v Multiple Power-Saving Sleep Modes picoPower Devices Atmel AVR assembler programming language Atmel AVR machine programming language